The city or any property owner who suffers property damage and/or monetary loss as a result of having to remove graffiti may seek restitution for all expenses of abatement, including all costs of removal, for any damage caused by the graffiti or the removal of same. Restitution may be pursued by the city and/or the property owner in a separate civil action or as part of a criminal proceeding against the perpetrator. A responsible adult may be held liable for damage or costs incurred as a result of graffiti by a minor who defaces or otherwise damages property pursuant to this chapter. (Ord. 2240 NCS §1 (part), 2006.)